Class X - Chapter 3 - Information & Communication Technology-II (ICT-II)
Information & Communication Technology-II
This chapter covers the fundamental concepts of computer operation, focusing on the role of the operating system, file management, and essential maintenance practices. Understanding these topics is crucial for every computer user to work efficiently and keep their system healthy.
Operating System (OS)
An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages all the hardware and software resources of a computer. It acts as an interface between the user and the computer's hardware. Without an OS, a computer would just be a collection of electronic parts.
**Analogy:** Think of an operating system as the principal of a school. It manages the teachers (applications), the classrooms (memory), and all the resources (hardware devices) so that the school (computer) runs smoothly.
Functions of an Operating System
The primary functions of an OS include:
- Processor Management (CPU Scheduling): The OS decides which process gets the CPU at what time. It ensures that all programs get a fair share of the processor's time, so they appear to run simultaneously.
- Memory Management: The OS manages the computer's main memory (RAM). It allocates memory to programs when they need it and de-allocates it when they are done.
- Device Management: The OS manages all the input/output devices connected to the computer. It uses special software called Device Drivers to communicate with these devices.
- File Management: The OS is responsible for organizing files and folders on a storage device like a hard disk.
- Security: The OS provides security by using passwords to prevent unauthorized access to a computer.
Classification of Operating Systems
Operating systems can be classified based on their capabilities:
- Single-User, Single-Tasking: An OS that allows one user to perform one task at a time. Example: MS-DOS.
- Single-User, Multi-Tasking: An OS that allows one user to run multiple programs simultaneously. Example: Microsoft Windows, macOS.
- Multi-User: An OS that allows multiple users to access and use the same computer at the same time. Example: Server versions of Linux.
- Real-Time OS (RTOS): An OS designed for applications where precise timing is critical. Example: Systems used in robotics or medical equipment.
Specific Operating Systems
- Unix: A powerful, multi-user, multi-tasking OS that is highly stable and secure.
- Solaris: A Unix-based OS originally developed by Sun Microsystems.
- Microsoft Windows: The most popular OS for desktop and laptop computers, known for its user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI).
- GNU-Linux: An open-source, free, and highly customizable OS. Popular versions include Ubuntu and Fedora.
- Mobile Operating Systems: Operating systems specifically designed for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Examples: Android and iOS.
The Desktop and its Components
The Desktop is the main screen or interface that appears after the computer's OS has started.
- Icons: Small graphical images that represent files, folders, or programs.
- Panel/Taskbar: A long bar, usually at the bottom, that contains the Start button and a list of open applications.
- System tray: A section of the taskbar that displays icons for system functions like the clock, volume, and network status.
- Clock: Displays the current time and date in the system tray.
- Main menu/Start button: A button that opens a menu from which you can access all programs, files, and system settings.
You can run an application by clicking its icon on the desktop or in the main menu.
File System and Management
A File System is the method an operating system uses to store, organize, and manage files on a storage device. It helps in quickly locating and accessing data.
Key File Operations:
- To Check File System of Hard Disk: It is important to periodically check the file system for errors or bad sectors. In Windows, you can do this using the "Error checking" option in a drive's properties.
- To Create a New Folder/File: Right-click in a location, select "New," and then choose "Folder" or the type of file you want to create.
- To Move a Folder/File: Drag and drop a file from one location to another.
- To Copy a Folder/File: Right-click the file and select "Copy," then navigate to the new location and select "Paste."
- To Rename a Folder/File: Right-click the item and select "Rename," then type the new name.
- To Delete a Folder/File: Select the item and press the Delete key, or right-click and select "Delete."
- To Restore a Folder/File: Open the Recycle Bin, right-click the deleted item, and select "Restore."
Computer Care and Maintenance
Regular maintenance is essential to keep your computer running smoothly and securely.
Maintenance Practices
- Cleaning the Computer Components: Use a soft, dry cloth to wipe the screen and case. Use compressed air to clean dust from the keyboard and vents.
- Clean the Hardware Parts of Computer: This involves safely cleaning the internal parts, such as fans and motherboard, usually by a professional.
- Preparing Maintenance Schedule: Set a routine for tasks like running antivirus scans, backing up data, and cleaning up temporary files.
Malware and Viruses
- Malware: A general term for any software designed to harm a computer system.
- Ways to Prevent a Virus:
- Install and update antivirus software.
- Be cautious with email attachments.
- Avoid downloading from untrusted sources.
- Use a firewall.
- Update the Antivirus: An antivirus program is only effective if its virus definitions are up-to-date.
- Removing Temporary Files: Use a utility like Disk Cleanup to remove unnecessary temporary files that can take up disk space and slow down your system.
Q & A
A. One-Word/Fill in the Blanks/Dash-Type Questions
B. Short Answer Type Questions
a) File Management
b) Malware
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